友情提示:如果本网页打开太慢或显示不完整,请尝试鼠标右键“刷新”本网页!
富士康小说网 返回本书目录 加入书签 我的书架 我的书签 TXT全本下载 『收藏到我的浏览器』

VB2008从入门到精通(PDF格式英文版)-第11部分

快捷操作: 按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页 按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页 按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部! 如果本书没有阅读完,想下次继续接着阅读,可使用上方 "收藏到我的浏览器" 功能 和 "加入书签" 功能!



          you spend 8; it does not affect the 10 that your spouse has; as befits the value type model。  

           However; if you and your spouse have 10 available with your credit card and you spend 8;  

           only 2 remain; as you would expect with a reference type。 


…………………………………………………………Page 65……………………………………………………………

                                  CH A PT E R   2   ■    L E A R N I N G   A B OU T   。 N E T  N U M B E R   AN D   V A L U E   T Y P E S  43 



                                                             The variable total is a value type 

                                                                 and stored on the stack 



   

  

                                                                                        Stack 

                                                                             1:total = 3 

     
   

           ! 〃 



    #  % & ' 

   
  ()*   〃   + &* 

    ; # 

    ;                            Method call 



                                                   Stack 

       

                                                   empty 

                                                There are no parameters 

   
  … 。/                                               and no local variables; 

    ;                                                             thus the stack is empty 



                                   Each called function has a stack 

   ;   

                                      that contains the function 

                                  arguments and variables declared 

                                            in the function 



Figure 2…14。 Stacks that are created and the interaction with the heap during CLR execution 



     There are times when you use value types and times when you use reference types; just as  

there are times when you pay for things using cash and times when you use a credit card。 Typi

cally though; you use credit cards when you want to pay for expensive things; because you  

don’t want to carry around large amounts of cash。 This applies to value and reference types; in  

that you don’t want to keep large footprint value types on the stack。 

     By knowing the difference between the stack and heap; you automatically know the differ

ence between a value type and a reference type; as they are directly related。 Value types are  

stored on the stack; and the contents of reference types are stored on the heap。 



Understanding the CLR Numeric Types 



The CLR has two major types of numbers: whole numbers and fractional numbers。 Both of  

these number types are value…based data types; as explained in the previous section。 The Add()  

method used the type Integer; which is a whole number–based value type。 As you saw; whole  

numbers have upper limits; which are set by the space available。 

     Consider the following number: 



123456 



     This number takes six spaces of room。 For illustrative purposes; imagine that the page you  

are reading allows only six spaces of room for numerals。 Based on that information; the largest  

number that can be written on this page is 999;999; and the smallest is 0。 In a similar manner;  

specific number types force the CLR to impose restrictions on how many spaces can be used to  

represent a number。 Each space is a 1 or a 0; allowing the CLR to represent numbers in binary  

notation。 


…………………………………………………………Page 66……………………………………………………………

44         CH AP T E R   2   ■    L E A R N IN G   AB OU T   。 N E T  N U M B E R   A N D   V A L U E   T Y P E S  



                 puters may use binary notations; but humans work better with decimals; so to calcu

           late the largest possible number a data type can store; you use 2 to the power of the number of  

           spaces and then subtract 1。 In the case of the Integer type; there are 32 spaces。 Before we calculate  

           the biggest number Integer can store; though; we need to consider negative numbers。 The  

           upper limit of Integer isn’t actually 4;294;967;295 (the result of 232 – 1); because  Integer also  



           stores negative numbers。 In other words; it can save a negative whole number; such as –2。  

                 The puter uses a trick in that the first space of the number is reserved for the sign (plus  

           or minus) of the number。 In the case of Integer; that means there are only 31 spaces for  

           numbers; so the largest number that can be represented is 2;147;483;647; and the smallest is  

           –2;147;483;648。 Going back to our addition example; this fact means that when the result of our  

           addition is 4 billion; which in binary requires 32 spaces; Integer does not have the space to store it。 

                 The  environment includes the numeric data types listed in Table 2…1; which have  

           varying sizes and storage capabilities。 The following terminology is used to describe numeric  

           data types: 



                o  A bit is a space of storage; and 8 bits make a  byte。 



                o  Integers are whole numbers。 



                o  Floating…point types are fractional numbers。 



                o  Signed means one space in the number is reserved for the plus or negative sign。 



           Table 2…1。   Numeric Data Types 



           Type                Description 



           Byte                Unsigned 8…bit integer; the smallest value is 0; and the largest value is 255 



           SByte               Signed 8…bit integer; the smallest value is –128; and the largest value is 127 



           UShort              Unsigned 16…bit integer; the smallest value is 0; and the largest value is 65535 



           Short               Signed 16…bit integer; the smallest value is –32768; and the largest value is 32767 



           UInteger            Unsigned 32…bit integer; the smallest value is 0; and the largest value is  

                               4294967295 



           Integer             Signed 32…bit integer; the smallest value is –2147483648; and the largest value is  

                               2147483647 



           ULong               Unsigned 64…bit integer; the smallest value is 0; and the largest value is  

                               18446744073709551615 



           Long                Signed 64…bit integer; the smallest value is –9223372036854775808; and the  

                               largest value is 9223372036854775807 



           Single              32…bit floating…point number; the smallest value is –3。4x1038; and the largest  

                               value is 3。4x1038; with a precision of 7 digits 



           Double              64…bit floating…point number; the smallest value is –1。7x10308; and the largest  

                               value is 1。7x10308; with 15 to 16 digits of precision 



           Decimal             Special 128…bit data type; the smallest value is 1。0x10–28; and the largest value is  

                               1。0x1028; with at least 28 significant digits of precisiona 



           a  The Decimal type is often used for financial data because sometimes a calculation will result in one penny  



             less than the correct result (for example; 14。9999; instead of 15。00) due to rounding errors。 


…………………………………………………………Page 67……………………………………………………………

                                    CH A PT E R   2   ■    L E A R N I N G   A B OU T   。 N E T  N U M B E R   AN D   V A L U E   T Y P E S  45 



     With so many variations of number types available; you may be wondering which ones to  

use and when。 The quick answer is that it depends on your needs。 When performing scientific  

calculations; you probably need to use a Double or Single。 If you are calculating mortgages; you  

probably need to use a Decimal。 And if you are performing set calculations; you probably should  

use an Integer or a  Long。 It all depends on how accurate you want to be; or how much numeric  

precision you want。 

     Numeric precision is an important topic and should never be dealt with lightly。 Consider  

the following example: every country takes a census of its people; and when the census is  

piled; we learn some interesting facts。 For example; in Canada; 31% of people will divorce。  

Canada has a population clock that says every minute and 32 seconds; someone is born。 At the  

time of this writing; the population was 32;789;736。 Thus; at the time of this writing; 10;164;818  

people will divorce。 Think a bit about what I just wrote。 I said that there is a direct relationship  

of people who will divorce to the number of births in Canada (31%; in fact)。 You should be  

amazed that the births and divorces are timed to the point where 10;164;818—not 10;164;819  

nor 10;164;820—people will divorce。 Of course; I’m being cynical and just trying to make the  

point that numbers are just that: numbers that you round off。  

     I can’t say 10;164;818 people will divorce; because I can’t be that accurate without performing  

an actual count。 I could probably say 10;164;818 plus or minus 100;000 will divorce。 Using the  

plus or minus; the range is 10;064;818 to 10;264;818; or roughly speaking; 10。2 million people。  

The number 10。2 million is what a newsperson would report; what literature would say; and  

what most people would use in conversation。 So; if I add 10。2 million and 1;000; can I say that  

the total is 10;201;000? The 10。2 is a roundoff to the nearest tenth of a million; and adding a  

thousand means adding a number that is less than the roundoff。 The answer is that I cannot  

add 1;000 to 10。2; because the 1;000 is not significant with respect to the number 10。2。 But I  

can add 1;000 to 10;164;818; to get 10;165;818; because the most significant value is a single  

whole number。 

     Relating this back to numeric types; it means integer…based numbers have a most signifi

cant single whole number。 Adding 1。5 and 1。2 as whole numbers results in 3; as illustrated in  

Figure 2…15。 

     Let’s extend this concept of significant digits to a floating…point number type; Single; and  

consider the example shown in Figure 2…16。 The {0} construct in the Console。WriteLine() method  

is replaced by the second argument。 If there were a third argument; it would be placed in the  

resultant string with {1}; a fourth would be replaced with {2}; and so on。 

     As shown in Figure 2…16; if you want to keep the precision of adding a small number to a  

large number; you will need to switch number types to Double。 But even Double has limits and  

can remember only 15 to 16 digits of precision。  

     If you want even more precision; you could use Decimal; but Decimal is more suitable for  

financial calculations。 With financial calculations; you will run into the problem of having very  

large numbers added to small numbers。 Imagine being Bill Gates and having a few billion in  

your bank account。 When the bank calculates the interest; you will want to know how many  

pennies you have accumulated; because pennies; when added over a long period of time; make  

a big difference。 In fact; some programmers have “stolen” money from banks by collecting the  

fractional pennies and accumulating them。 

     Now that you’ve seen some of the plexities involved when working with numbers; let’s  

finish the calculator。 


…………………………………………………………Page 68……………………………………………………………

46         CH AP T E R   2   ■    L E A R N IN G   AB OU T   。 N E T  N U M B E R   A N D   V A L U E   T Y P E S  



                                                                            Fractional number one and a half 



               Public Sub AddFractionalNumbersToWhole() 



                   Dim total As Integer = CType(1。5; Integer) + _ 

                                          CType(1。2; Integer) 

                   If (total  2。7) Then 

                       Console。WriteLine(〃Oops; something went wrong〃) 

                   End If 

               End Sub 



                                                            Using Ctype() means to cast a Double 

                                                                to an Integer。 This results in a 

                                                            roundoff where 1。2 = 1 and 1。5 = 2。 

                                                                Had DirectCast() been used; a 

                                                            pilation error would result; since 

                                                              converting a Double to an Integer 

                                                                      requires coercion。 



            Figure 2…15。 Adding fractions using the Integer data type 



                      Declaring a number with a decimal 

                                                                                A really small number 

                     (。0) automatically creates a floating

                                   point value 



                  Public Sub AddFractionalNumbers() 



                      Dim value As Single = 10000。0 + 0。000001 



                      Console。WriteLine(〃Value ({0})〃; value) 



                  End Sub 



                                                                   The console displays the number 

               The variable value is                             10;000 because the small number is 

                the addition of a big                            insignificant from the perspective of 

                 number to a small                               Single。 Single can remember only 7 

                       number                                     digits。 10000。000001 is 10 digits of 

                                                                                precision。 



            Figure 2…16。 Adding fractions using the Single data type 


…………………………………………………………Page 69……………………………………………………………

                                  CH A PT E R   2   ■    L E A R N I N G   A B OU T   。 N E T  N U M B E R   AN D   V A L U E   T Y P E S  47 



Finishing the Calculator 



The original declaration of the Add() method for the calculator worked; but had some serious  

limitations on what kinds of numbers could be added。 To finish the calculator; we need to  

declare the Add() method using a different type; and then add the remaining operations。 

     We could use one of three types to declare the Add() method: 



     o  Long: Solves the problem of adding two very large nu
返回目录 上一页 下一页 回到顶部 11 11
快捷操作: 按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页 按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页 按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
温馨提示: 温看小说的同时发表评论,说出自己的看法和其它小伙伴们分享也不错哦!发表书评还可以获得积分和经验奖励,认真写原创书评 被采纳为精评可以获得大量金币、积分和经验奖励哦!